Intercomparison of measurements of bulk snow density and water equivalent of snow cover with snow core samplers: Instrumental bias and variability induced by observers     

J. Ignacio López-Moreno  Leena Leppänen  Bartłomiej Luks  Ladislav Holko  Ghislain Picard  Alba Sanmiguel-Vallelado  Esteban Alonso-González  David C. Finger  Ali N. Arslan  Katalin Gillemot  Aynur Sensoy  Arda Sorman  M. Cansaran Ertaş  Steven R. Fassnacht  Charles Fierz  Christoph Marty 《水文研究》2020,34(14):3120-3133

Manually collected snow data are often considered as ground truth for many applications such as climatological or hydrological studies. However, there are many sources of uncertainty that are not quantified in detail. For the determination of water equivalent of snow cover (SWE), different snow core samplers and scales are used, but they are all based on the same measurement principle. We conducted two field campaigns with 9 samplers commonly used in observational measurements and research in Europe and northern America to better quantify uncertainties when measuring depth, density and SWE with core samplers. During the first campaign, as a first approach to distinguish snow variability measured at the plot and at the point scale, repeated measurements were taken along two 20 m long snow pits. The results revealed a much higher variability of SWE at the plot scale (resulting from both natural variability and instrumental bias) compared to repeated measurements at the same spot (resulting mostly from error induced by observers or very small scale variability of snow depth). The exceptionally homogeneous snowpack found in the second campaign permitted to almost neglect the natural variability of the snowpack properties and focus on the separation between instrumental bias and error induced by observers. Reported uncertainties refer to a shallow, homogeneous tundra-taiga snowpack less than 1 m deep (loose, mostly recrystallised snow and no wind impact). Under such measurement conditions, the uncertainty in bulk snow density estimation is about 5% for an individual instrument and is close to 10% among different instruments. Results confirmed that instrumental bias exceeded both the natural variability and the error induced by observers, even in the case when observers were not familiar with a given snow core sampler.  相似文献   

Beaver dam analogues drive heterogeneous groundwater–surface water interactions     

Jeffrey Wade  Laura Lautz  Christa Kelleher  Philippe Vidon  Julianne Davis  Julio Beltran  Casey Pearce 《水文研究》2020,34(26):5340-5353

Beaver dam analogues (BDAs) are a cost-effective stream restoration approach that leverages the recognized environmental benefits of natural beaver dams on channel stability and local hydrology. Although natural beaver dams are known to exert considerable influence on the hydrologic conditions of a stream system by mediating geomorphic processes, nutrient cycling, and groundwater–surface water interactions, the impacts of beaver-derived restoration methods on groundwater–surface water exchange are poorly characterized. To address this deficit, we monitored hyporheic exchange fluxes and streambed porewater biogeochemistry across a sequence of BDAs installed along a central Wyoming stream during the summer of 2019. Streambed fluxes were quantified by heat tracing methods and vertical hydraulic gradients. Biogeochemical activity was evaluated using major ion porewater chemistry and principal component analysis. Vertical fluxes of approximately 1.0 m/day were observed around the BDAs, as was the development of spatially heterogeneous zones of nitrate production, groundwater upwelling, and anaerobic reduction. Strong contrasts in hyporheic zone processes were observed across BDAs of differing sizes. This suggests that structures may function with size-dependent behaviour, only altering groundwater–surface water interactions after a threshold hydraulic step height is exceeded. Patterns of hyporheic exchange and biogeochemical cycling around the studied BDAs resemble those around natural beaver dams, suggesting that BDAs may provide comparable benefits to channel complexity and near-stream function over a 1-year period.  相似文献   

基于深度残差网络的机载LiDAR点云分类     

赵传  郭海涛  卢俊  余东行  张保明 《测绘学报》2020,49(2):202-213

机载LiDAR点云的分类是利用其进行城市场景三维重建的关键步骤之一。为充分利用现有的图像领域性能较好的深度学习网络模型,提高点云分类精度,并降低训练时间和对训练样本数量的要求,本文提出一种基于深度残差网络的机载LiDAR点云分类方法。首先提取归一化高程、表面变化率、强度和归一化植被指数4种具有较高区分度的点云低层次特征;然后通过设置不同的邻域大小和视角,利用所提出的点云特征图生成策略,得到多尺度和多视角点云特征图;再将点云特征图输入到预训练的深度残差网络,提取多尺度和多视角深层次特征;最后构建并训练神经网络分类器,利用训练的模型对待分类点云进行预测,经后处理得到分类结果。利用ISPRS三维语义标记竞赛的公开标准数据集进行试验,结果表明,本文方法可有效区分建筑物、地面、车辆等8类地物,分类结果的总体精度为87.1%,可为城市场景三维重建提供可靠的信息。  相似文献   

Evaluating soil water routing approaches in watershed-scale,ecohydrologic modelling     

Garett Pignotti  Indrajeet Chaubey  Keith Cherkauer  Mark Williams  Melba Crawford 《水文研究》2021,35(3):e14034

Soil water dynamics are central in linking and regulating natural cycles in ecohydrology, however, mathematical representation of soil water processes in models is challenging given the complexity of these interactions. To assess the impacts of soil water simulation approaches on various model outputs, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool was modified to accommodate an alternative soil water percolation method and tested at two geographically and climatically distinct, instrumented watersheds in the United States. Soil water was evaluated at the site scale via measured observations, and hydrologic and biophysical outputs were analysed at the watershed scale. Results demonstrated an improved Kling–Gupta Efficiency of up to 0.3 and a reduction in percent bias from 5 to 25% at the site scale, when soil water percolation was changed from a threshold, bucket-based approach to an alternative approach based on variable hydraulic conductivity. The primary difference between the approaches was attributed to the ability to simulate soil water content above field capacity for successive days; however, regardless of the approach, a lack of site-specific characterization of soil properties by the soils database at the site scale was found to severely limit the analysis. Differences in approach led to a regime shift in percolation from a few, high magnitude events to frequent, low magnitude events. At the watershed scale, the variable hydraulic conductivity-based approach reduced average annual percolation by 20–50 mm, directly impacting the water balance and subsequently biophysical predictions. For instance, annual denitrification increased by 14–24 kg/ha for the new approach. Overall, the study demonstrates the need for continued efforts to enhance soil water model representation for improving biophysical process simulations.  相似文献   

Quantifying suitable dynamic water levels in marsh wetlands based on hydrodynamic modelling     

Peng Hu  Zefan Yang  Qiande Zhu  Weize Wang  Qin Yang 《水文研究》2021,35(2):e14054

The water level of marsh wetlands is a dominant force controlling the wetland ecosystem function, especially for aquatic habitat. For different species, water level requirements vary in time and space, and therefore ensuring suitable water levels in different periods is crucial for the maintenance of biodiversity in marsh wetlands. Based on hydrodynamic modelling and habitat suitability assessment, we determined suitable dynamic water levels considering aquatic habitat service at different periods in marsh wetlands. The two-dimensional hydrodynamic model was used to simulate the temporal and spatial variation of water level. The habitat suitability for target species at various water levels was evaluated to obtain the fitting curves between Weighted Usable Area (WUA) and water levels. And then suitable water levels throughout the year were proposed according to the fitting curves. Using the Zhalong Wetland (located in northeastern China) as a case study, we confirmed that the proposed MIKE 21 model can successfully be used to simulate the water level process in the wetland. Suitable water levels were identified as being from 143.9–144.2 m for April to May, 144.1–144.3 m for June to September, and 144.3–144.4 m for October to November (before the freezing season). Furthermore, proposed water diversion schemes have been identified which can effectively sustain the proposed dynamic water levels. This study is expected to provide appropriate guidance for the determination of environmental flows and water management strategies in marsh wetlands.  相似文献   

Relating the depth of the water table to the depth of weathering     

M.I. Lebedeva  S.L. Brantley 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(9):2167-2178

Weathering of bedrock creates and occludes permeability, affecting subsurface water flow. Often, weathering intensifies above the water table. On the contrary, weathering can also commence below the water table. To explore relationships between weathering and the water table, a simplified weathering model for an eroding hillslope was formulated that takes into account both saturated and unsaturated subsurface water flow (but does not fully account for changes in dissolved gas chemistry). The phreatic line was calculated using solutions to mathematical treatments for both zones. In the model, the infiltration rate at the hill surface sets both the original and the eventual steady-state position of the water table with respect to the weathering reaction front. Depending on parameters, the weathering front can locate either above or below the water table at steady state. Erosion also affects the water table position by changing porosity and permeability even when other hydrological conditions (e.g. hydraulic conductivity of parent material, infiltration rate at the surface) do not change. The total porosity in a hill (water storage capacity) was found to increase with infiltration rate (all else held constant). This effect was diminished by increasing the erosion rate. We also show examples of how the infiltration rate affects the position of the water table and how infiltration rate affects weathering advance. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA  相似文献   

Multimodal water age distributions and the challenge of complex hydrological landscapes     

Nicolas B. Rodriguez  Paolo Benettin  Julian Klaus 《水文研究》2020,34(12):2707-2724

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Changes in hillslope hydrology in a perched,shallow soil system due to clearcutting and residual biomass removal     

Colin P. R. McCarter  Stephen D. Sebestyen  Susan L. Eggert  Randall K. Kolka  Carl P. J. Mitchell 《水文研究》2020,34(26):5354-5369

Sustainable fuels legislation and volatility in energy prices have put additional pressures on the forestry sector to intensify the harvesting of biomass for “advanced biofuel” production. To better understand how residual biomass removal after harvest affects forest hydrology in relatively low slope terrain, a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) study was conducted in the USDA Forest Service's Marcell Experimental Forest, Minnesota, USA. Hydrological measurements were made from 2010–2013 on a forested hillslope that was divided into three treatment blocks, where one block was harvested and residual biomass removed (Biomass Removed), the second was harvested and residual biomass left (Biomass Left), and the last block was left as an Unharvested Control. The pre-harvest period (2 years) was 2010–11 and post-harvest (2 years) was 2012–13. Water table elevation at the upslope and downslope position, subsurface runoff, and soil moisture were measured between May–November. Mixed effect statistical models were used to compare both the before-after and “control” treatment ratios (ratios between harvested hillslopes and the Unharvested Control hillslope). Subsurface runoff significantly increased (p < .05) at both harvested hillslopes but to a greater degree on the Biomass Left hillslope. Greater subsurface runoff volumes at both harvested hillslopes were driven by substantial increases during fall, with additional significant increases during summer on the Biomass Left hillslope. The hydrological connectivity, inferred from event runoff ratios, increased due to harvesting at both hillslopes but only significantly on the Biomass Left hillslope. The winter harvest minimized soil disturbance, resulting in no change to the effective hydraulic conductivity distribution with depth. Thus, the observed hydrological changes were driven by increased effective precipitation and decreased evapotranspiration, increasing the duration that both harvested hillslopes were hydrologically active. The harvesting of residual biomass appears to lessen hydrological connectivity relative to leaving residual biomass on the hillslope, potentially decreasing downstream hydrological impacts of similar forestry operations.  相似文献   

基于表层岩土渗透对三峡井网井水位降雨影响的精准分析          下载免费PDF全文

周洋  吴艳霞  罗棋  李查玮 《地震工程学报》2020,42(2):460-467,528

为研究三峡井网表层岩土渗透对井水位降雨的影响,采取井区表层岩土垂向渗透性测试方法试验,测得表层岩土垂向渗透性,并建立数学模型,用于降雨渗入补给分析。在此模型基础上,通过三峡井网8口井水位、气象三要素的对比观测资料对井水位日动态、月动态、年动态的影响进行精准分析与验证。结果表明:这种影响的特征是相当复杂的,同一个降雨过程在不同井上产生的影响特征不同,这一方面可能与各井的水文地质条件不同有关,另一方面可能还与各井点的降雨过程的差异也有关。  相似文献   

基于蓝牙定位的老年人室内跌倒监护系统设计     

赵帅豪  王坚 《北京测绘》2020,(3):333-337

随着全球老龄化的加剧,老年人口的增多,老年人的健康监护已经成为了重要的社会问题。因身体机能的下降,老年人发生跌倒的概率非常高,而老年人一天中大约90%的时间是处于室内,针对老年人室内意外跌倒的医护救治,设计了一款基于蓝牙定位的老年人室内跌倒监护系统。该系统通过集成的传感器采集加速度、角速度、室内位置、人体生理信息等数据,并通过计算分析实现了跌倒监测报警功能。  相似文献